Babies Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Babies - Research Paper Example San Francisco is located in Northern California, and is considered a cultural hub. It is located at the tip of Pacific Cost, and has a hilly terrain that is beautiful to watch. The city is also a major attraction for tourist from all over the world. The population of the city is about 7.5 million people and is the most densely populated cities of United States (United States Census Bureau, 2012). San Francisco is a multi cultural society with many ethnicities, among which Whites, Asians, and Chinese are noteworthy. The main religious group of the region is of Catholic Christians but other religions are also practiced. Apartments are the main type of housing in the city. The infant mortality rate is low in San Francisco and average life expectancy is high. This is because of the better health care facilities available in the city. The literacy level of the city is also good compared to the rest of the cities of the country. Agricultural products are the main exports of California (California Department of Food and Agriculture, 2007). The city is also famous for its financial activities and research in different areas like biotechnology. The poverty rate of the city is lower than the average poverty rate of United States. Opuwo is a small city which is a located in Namibia. The city has a dry and mountainous terrain. The city is mainly inhabited by the Himba Tribe which is an ethnic group of the region. The main God of the Himba Tribe is Mukuru, although other Gods are also worshipped by the Himba Tribe (Crandall, 2000). The population of the Opuwo city is not very significant and is not more than a few thousand residents. Exact population is difficult to account for because of the lack of census in the region. The people of Opuwo live in small houses and huts. The infant mortality rate is high much like other African countries and average life expectancy is low. This is because of the lack of medical and health care facilities. The literacy level is

Nursing Interventions for Schizophrenia

Nursing Interventions for Schizophrenia Schizophrenia is a severe mental illness in which individuals loose the ability to discriminate between reality and imagination, characterized by disturbances to their thoughts, behavior and feelings. About 1% of the population is predicted to suffer from schizophrenia at some point in their life (www.rethink.org), with experience of psychotic episodes such as those of schizophrenia ranging in their duration of a single crisis, to the chronic experience of schizophrenia over a life time. During episodes of schizophrenia, patients will experience a range of what is know as positive and negative symptoms associated with the condition. Positive symptoms include delusions and hallucinations and unusual or irrational behavior (often as a result of the hallucinations and delusions). Delusions can be defined as strange thoughts or beliefs which are not founded in reality, some examples include delusions of grandeur (such as believing oneself to be the next messiah) and delusions of persecution (as in being secretly watched / followed by the police or secret service). Hallucinations are when you see (visual) hear (auditory) or smell (olfactory) things that others cannot. One of the most well known symptoms of schizophrenia is that of hearing voices. People may also experience thought disturbances such as thought jumping (going from one line of thought to another in rapid succession) poor concentration and attention abilities (www.mind.org.uk). Negative symptoms are those which in some way take away from the individual such as anhedonia (not getting pleasure out of activities which were previously pleasurable) and social withdrawal from social situations and a lack of interest in personal hygiene (such as not washing or changing clothes). Treatment of individuals with schizophrenia can be in hospital (forced through section or voluntarily in some cases) and in community settings, and should involve a mixture of pharmacological treatment (typical and atypical antipsychotic medications) and psychological therapies such as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) in order to manage current symptoms, and in preventing and minimizing future relapse and crises. Nursing of individuals with a severe mental illness such as schizophrenia within a community setting (e.g. after discharge from hospital or when patients not under section and do not want to go to hospital) will be conducted by a community psychiatric nurse (CPN) who will often be working within a community mental health team (CMHT) from a care programme approach. The role of the CPN has diversified over recent years, and is now often nominated within the CMHT to act as the individuals key worker (i.e. who the patient will have most contact with in the CMHT). CPNs can be seen to be involved in patient care interventions in a number of capacities. The most predominant (and traditional) intervention role of the CPN may be seen in the medication management of people with schizophrenia. Typical (haloperidol) and atypical (aripiprazole, olanzapine etc) antipsychotic medication use now mean that around 70% of patients will experience some degree of relief to their psychotic symptoms (McCann, 2001). However relief is most often not absolute and the majority of patients will experience some form of side effects. In typical (older generation drugs) this is often in terms of extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) such as movement disorders like Tardive Dyskinsia, and although newer atypical drugs are renowned for less EPS, side effects can include weight gain, sexual dysfunction and sedation. CPNs are therefore an important contact with the patient in ensuring that they are taking their medication correctly, and in identifying patients who may be experiencing high levels of side effects who as a result are at a high risk of discontinuing their medications. By identifying such individuals, relapse can be minimized by helping the patient to engage with clinical services to investigate other medication options of which there are a good number. Switching is a term used by professionals to define this process and it is not unusual for patients to have to switch between medications a number of times, before finding the most appropriate drug / combination. Dosage required is also a very individual factor, and therefore an important aspect of medication management is to check to signs that dosage is high enough to enable clinical relief, but also low enough to minimize side effects. CPNs are thus often in a position to recognize if their patients are not on high enough dosages. The way in which medication is administered will also differ between patients some may be able to take their drugs orally, but a number of patients with schizophrenia are on a form of drug administration called depots. These are long-lasting injections of the antipsychotic, and are often used for patients who suffer severe episodes and those who have a history of non-compliance in taking their medication (Jackson-Koku, 2001). CPNs may also act in helping people come to terms with the fact that they are suffering from an illness, as denial is common in those mental illnesses such as schizophrenia (Fung Fry, 1999), often referred to as lacking insight into illness, and so discuss the need for taking their medications. Providing medication related information is therefore an important part of the medication interventions that nurses are involved with, and will often include discussions about side effects, recognizing early signs of illness and other concerns the person may have. Nurses are however becoming increasingly involved in psycho-educational (Fung Fry, 1999) and psychological therapy (McCann, 2001) based interventions in their patient care within community settings for sufferers and their families. Such approaches have in the literature, been described as aiming at increasing social functioning, decreasing distress, and reducing hospital admission rates (Tarrier Birchwood, 1995) These educational interventions are so targeted on helping to reduce distress in more drug-resistant cases, to help both sufferers and their family (Leff et al, 2001) deal with the illness and learn the signs of relapse and symptom return, and as mentioned above, in increasing medication compliance through better understanding and information. (McCann, 2001) Psychological therapies such as CBT and cognitive therapy (CT) have found recognized success in treating many mental illnesses including schizophrenia including when used within community settings (Morrison et al, 2004), as are aimed at helping people deal emotionally with their illness and its associated distress, but also to help on a practical level through promoting relapse prevention strategies and reducing social disability (Fowler, Garety Kuipers, 1995) Coping techniques and strategies can also be discussed when CPNs become aware and gain knowledge into what particular symptoms are causing people most distress. One example of this could be distraction techniques discussed with those who are having problems with auditory hallucinations; one method that is known for helping many people with this is to listen to music. CPNs often also play an important counseling role to those they support (royal college of psychiatrists,1997). Acting as key workers for people with schizophrenia gives many CPNs the opportunity to get to know the person, and so are in a position to use the discussions they have with their patients in an intervention capacity. Counseling may help in anxiety and distress reduction, but also will provide invaluable insight for the CPN into what the person is going through, how much they understand and whether they are doing well or becoming ill. All this information will play a crucial role in the assessment capacity that the CPN also performs within the care programme. CPNs are thus seen to be involved in many aspects of peoples outpatient care in community settings. Especially involved in medication, information and more recently psychosocial and psychological interventions, nurses looking after people with schizophrenia within the community are central to the patients care programme, and act as an invaluable access into mental health services (McCann Clark, 2003) for community patients.

Why Couldnt Kant Be A Utilitarian? Essay -- Philosophy Philosophical

Why Couldn't Kant Be A Utilitarian? ABSTRACT: In his essay "Could Kant Have Been a Utilitarian?", R. M. Hare tries to show that Kant's moral theory contains utilitarian elements and it can be properly asked if Kant could have been a utilitarian, though in fact he was not. I take seriously Hare's challenge to the standard view because I find his reading on the whole reasonable enough to lead to a consistent interpretation of Kant's moral philosophy. Still, I hardly believe that it is necessarily concluded from Hare's reading that Kant could have been a utilitarian. In this paper, I will first show that Hare's interpretation of 'treating a person as an end' as treating a person's ends as our own is reasonable, and so is his reading of 'willing our maxim as a universal law' and 'duties to oneself,' which is based on that interpretation. Then I will argue that Kant couldn't be a utilitarian despite the apparently utilitarian elements in his theory because caring about others' ends (of which happiness is the sum) is a duty. This is so, in Kant's view, not because happiness is valuable in itself, but because it is the sum of those ends set freely by each rational human being who is valuable in itself, that is, an end in itself. In his essay "Could Kant Have Been A Utilitarian?", (1) R.M. Hare, analyzing Kant's text, tries to show that Kant's moral theory contains utilitarian elements and it can be properly asked whether Kant could have been a utilitarian though he was in fact not. I take his challenge to the standard view seriously not because it is made by the celebrated moral philosopher but because I find Hare's reading of Kant's text on the whole reasonable enough to lead to a consistent interpretation of Kant's moral philo... ... fuer Philosophie), 1991. (3) T. Terada, op.cit.; J. Murphy, Kant: The Philosophy of Right, MacMillan, 1970. (4) H.J. Paton, The Categorical Imperative, Pennsylvania U.P., 1971. (5) T. Terada, "'Universal Principle of Right' as the Supreme Principle of Kant's Practical Philosophy", in: Proceedings of the 8th International Kant Congress, 1995. (6) T. Terada, "Kanto ni okeru Jiko ni taisuru Gimu no Mondai (The Problem of 'Duties to Oneself' in Kant)", Tetsugaku (The Philosophy) 46, 1995; T. Nitta,"Fuhenkakanosei to Sogo-shutaisei (Universal-izability and Intersubjectivity)", in: Aichi Kenritsu Daigaku ronshu 35, 1986. (7) T. Terada, "'Universal Principle of Right' as the Supreme Principle of Kant's Practical Philosophy"; P. Guyer, "Kant's Morality of Law and Morality of Freedom", in Dancy (ed.), op.cit. (8) W.K. Frankena, Ethics, Prentice-Hall, 1973. Why Couldn't Kant Be A Utilitarian? Essay -- Philosophy Philosophical Why Couldn't Kant Be A Utilitarian? ABSTRACT: In his essay "Could Kant Have Been a Utilitarian?", R. M. Hare tries to show that Kant's moral theory contains utilitarian elements and it can be properly asked if Kant could have been a utilitarian, though in fact he was not. I take seriously Hare's challenge to the standard view because I find his reading on the whole reasonable enough to lead to a consistent interpretation of Kant's moral philosophy. Still, I hardly believe that it is necessarily concluded from Hare's reading that Kant could have been a utilitarian. In this paper, I will first show that Hare's interpretation of 'treating a person as an end' as treating a person's ends as our own is reasonable, and so is his reading of 'willing our maxim as a universal law' and 'duties to oneself,' which is based on that interpretation. Then I will argue that Kant couldn't be a utilitarian despite the apparently utilitarian elements in his theory because caring about others' ends (of which happiness is the sum) is a duty. This is so, in Kant's view, not because happiness is valuable in itself, but because it is the sum of those ends set freely by each rational human being who is valuable in itself, that is, an end in itself. In his essay "Could Kant Have Been A Utilitarian?", (1) R.M. Hare, analyzing Kant's text, tries to show that Kant's moral theory contains utilitarian elements and it can be properly asked whether Kant could have been a utilitarian though he was in fact not. I take his challenge to the standard view seriously not because it is made by the celebrated moral philosopher but because I find Hare's reading of Kant's text on the whole reasonable enough to lead to a consistent interpretation of Kant's moral philo... ... fuer Philosophie), 1991. (3) T. Terada, op.cit.; J. Murphy, Kant: The Philosophy of Right, MacMillan, 1970. (4) H.J. Paton, The Categorical Imperative, Pennsylvania U.P., 1971. (5) T. Terada, "'Universal Principle of Right' as the Supreme Principle of Kant's Practical Philosophy", in: Proceedings of the 8th International Kant Congress, 1995. (6) T. Terada, "Kanto ni okeru Jiko ni taisuru Gimu no Mondai (The Problem of 'Duties to Oneself' in Kant)", Tetsugaku (The Philosophy) 46, 1995; T. Nitta,"Fuhenkakanosei to Sogo-shutaisei (Universal-izability and Intersubjectivity)", in: Aichi Kenritsu Daigaku ronshu 35, 1986. (7) T. Terada, "'Universal Principle of Right' as the Supreme Principle of Kant's Practical Philosophy"; P. Guyer, "Kant's Morality of Law and Morality of Freedom", in Dancy (ed.), op.cit. (8) W.K. Frankena, Ethics, Prentice-Hall, 1973.

Psychology, Theology and Spirituality in Christian Counseling Essay

Introduction Traditionally, psychology and theology have stood in opposition to each other. Christian counselors felt that the relationship between the two disciplines is essentially adversarial. Those who tried to integrate psychology and theology were criticized for doing so. As time goes by, important insights about human behavior and the importance of spirituality have been highlighted. As such, the principles of psychotherapy and psychology could do well to heed the lessons offered by theology, specifically the principles of prayer, worship, the Christian centrality of redemption and forgiveness. McMinn’s book highlighted new theories, techniques, and other important information in psychotherapy and psychology. The book essentially integrates spiritual principles into the practice of psychology and psychotherapy instead of the other way around. Hence, even non-Christian counselors can make use of Christian principles in dealing with their counselees. In the course of this integration, McMinn discusses psychology, theology and spirituality and the different areas where they overlap and where meaningful integration can be achieved in helping people deal with different issues in their emotional, mental and overall well-being.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In traditional psychotherapy, religion tends to be relegated to the sidelines and not brought out into the open in discussions. Psychology instead relies on human experience, the meanings generated from these experiences and how such meanings impact the life of a person. God’s involvement, more or less is relegated to the sideways. On the other hand, theology has placed God at the center of understanding human behavior and the social processes in the world. Hence, God’s word and the way it is interpreted are used in evaluating human experiences and behaviors. Because of the mutual exclusivity of the two disciplines, practitioners of either discipline tended to ignore what the other has to offer.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   McMinn, through his book however, poses that the Christian view of humans and of God’s involvement in the lives of people has an important impact in the mental and emotional help of people. Christian practices such as prayer and the reading of scripture can help a lot in determining the condition of individuals and help them initiate in the process of looking into themselves and evaluating themselves in light of God’s word.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   If this were done, the counselee will be directed to areas of sin in his life. In a sense, he will not be able to understand the areas of sin unless he has a standard to use. In this case, it is the Scripture with the help of the Holy Spirit that directs the person’s attention to the areas of sin in his life. When these areas shall have been recognized, then confession can be done. Confession helps the person put a name to the nameless feelings of guilt and shame. When they have been named, then their power over the person tends to loosen. Confession, a distinct Christian practice, helps the person unload and pour out his heart. This in turn paves the way for forgiveness to come—forgiveness from oneself, from the people involved and from God.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Forgiveness then makes redemption possible. Even if the scars of the sins are still there, redemption enables a person to walk away from sin and its painful consequences and start anew. More than simply starting anew, however, redemption entails being re-integrated into the community and into the world. Response to the Book   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As a Christian, I was raised in a setting where the Bible is the authority over major issues in life. As such, I could identify with those who tend to look at Psychology with suspicious eyes. As such, with McMinn’s book came as an important eye-opener in regards to the benefits that the integration of psychology, theology and spirituality could do in the overall well-being of a person.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Confession though is a little difficult to do. Oftentimes, the church fosters a place where people do not feel safe to confess. Fellowship also tends to get broken down because of hypocrisy. People are afraid of opening up, afraid of being looked down as not being enough of a Christian. A friend of mine was struggling with depression even in the midst of doing ministry for the Sunday School of the church. He did not actively seek help for fear of being discredited in his ministry. By the time he sought help he was under the throes of his depression and needed to have professional help. As a friend, I did not have much to help him because I did not understand enough psychology in helping him. I was loaded with bible verses, which he also knew. I found out that even if I had tons of bible verses, it was not enough without a good understanding of how a person’s experiences affect his emotions and his well-being. If I simply heeded the need to consult psychology, I would have been in a better position to help my friend even if I were not a professional. During the course of my friend’s therapy, he related to me the counseling process and it was based almost solely on psychology. Even if God was being brought into discussion because of my friend’s faith, He was not central in the process. There were also techniques used by the psychotherapist that resembled some of the Christian practices that we were exposed to but were not being practiced in church. At first, I was skeptical of the process because the role of God and of faith has been minimized. As I continued my discussions with my friend, however, there was a noticeable change in my friend and he was indeed becoming better. In one of our conversations, he even talked about his realization that psychology has much to offer to Christians who want to make a difference in the lives of others in terms of counseling and helping cope with the challenges of life. Integration of Psychology, Theology, and Spirituality   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The greatest learning for me in this book is the idea that three separate disciplines could be integrated for the promotion of the total well-being of a person. Indeed, psychology can help look at the mental aspect of person and help provide additional understanding of the significance of the experiences that people go through. More than that, there are techniques and tools that psychology offers. These can then be used by a Christian counselor in helping a person who is going through a difficult time in his life. Psychology can also help blunt the tendency of theology to focus too much on sin, guilt, and shame. These concepts however, should not be set aside totally as they are also important in helping a person come to terms with his true situation in life. The role of theology is to bring God’s standards to the settings in which humans find themselves. God’s word stands as the standards in which human behavior may be subjected to. Being Christians, the primary purpose of counseling is to align a person’s life in the standards of God. This is what I am alarmed about in the book—that in the process of integrating theology and psychology, theology might be relegated to the side and psychology takes center stage. There is indeed a place for scientific inquiry and the use of tools and techniques developed by man for the betterment and empowerment of a person. Yet, as Christians, God’s word should be the first basis of truth and standards of behavior. Psychology deals with emotions, thoughts, responses, and other insights from the lives and experiences of humans. Psychology, in itself, might even draw a person away from God and institute a new version of spirituality that may not be in conjunction with the Christian faith. Another question that I had in the course of reading the book concerns the Christian practices and principles. If for example, non-Christian psychologists do recommend the practice of these principles, such practices may simply be practiced for the sole purpose of improving the person and not for the original purpose of these principles and practices. Prayer, scripture, confession, forgiveness and redemption are concepts that are heavily Christian in essence. Can they be practiced effectively outside of the Christian context? Moreover, if a Christian counselor would use these practices, would not that be constituted as a means of proselytism? There have been challenges in the integration of psychology into theology. On the other hand, while integrating spiritual principles and practices into psychology has its benefits, there may also be drawbacks. The spirituality of the person may be seen as simply a means of improving one’s well-being and not as means of following Christ. Spirituality then might become as simply another tool for man to use instead of being used for the glory of God. Furthermore, the issue of openly promoting Christian practices in the practice of psychology might not be welcome to certain kinds of people. Although it is good to promote Christian practices, there may be issues in terms of their general acceptability, especially because religion is being seen as a highly personal matter. Nonetheless, what I like about the book was the way that McMinn used the term spirituality instead of religion. Spirituality seems to indicate a higher level of significance in the life of people. Christianity as a means to ensuring spiritual and mental health was clearly elucidated by McMinn. He showed in his discussions that Christianity is not only about church attendance every Sunday. Rather, it is a dynamic faith that can help a person deal with issues on a daily basis. McMinn also was riled against the kind of spirituality that seeks only to serve the interest of an individual, especially the type that integrates this and that from different disciplines. His presentation about the integration of psychology, theology, and spirituality was not only theoretical; he presented case studies, which illustrated that Christianity as a faith is relevant to twenty-first century life. Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The divide between theology and psychology has been going on for a long time in their applicability in counseling. There are those who look at psychology as a purely human-made discipline and that it is totally incompatible with theology and the way that God’s word deals with human experiences, emotions, and mental health problems. Yet, in this age, the techniques, tools and strategies offered by psychology can no longer be denied. They also offer something which Christian counselors—professional or not—can use. Such techniques however should not be used in themselves. Rather, they should be integrated with God’s word and with theology so that true spirituality may be attained by a person.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Spirituality is more than just religion. It takes into account the overall well-being of the person, which is the intent of psychology. It also helps a person align his life with God’s word, which is the aim of theology.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When there is a balance and skillful use of psychology, theology and spirituality, counselors everywhere will be able to look at the benefit of God’s ways for humans. It will also help humans avoid pitfalls and if they fell into such, they can easily consult God’s word and get back on track.

The Failure Of War By Wendell Berry

Wendell Berry, in his essay ‘The Failure of War,’ claims that ‘modern war does not work as a solution to any problem except retribution,’ and that it promotes a vicious cycle of violence and other social problems. Supporters for war will claim that war answers the dilemma of national defense. But the agnostic, in return, will solicit to what level the cost even of a triumphant war of national defense—in life, wealth, material, foods, health, and liberty—may amount to a national overwhelm. National defense by way of war constantly entails some quantity of national defeat. Militarization in defense of freedom downsizes the freedom of the apologists. There is a crucial contradiction between war and freedom.In a contemporary war, fought with modern armaments and on the modern scale, neither side can bound to â€Å"the adversary† the harm that it does. These wars ruin the humanity. Modern war has not only made it unworkable to kill â€Å"opp onents† without massacring â€Å"non-warriors,† it has made it ineffectual to destroy your foe without spoiling yourself. Modern wars have usually been fought to end war; they have been fought for the sake of peace.To Berry most appalling weapons have been prepared, seemingly, to maintain and assure the peace of the world. â€Å"All we want is peace,† we utter as we increase inexorably our aptitude to make war. Yet in the last part of a century in which we have fought two combats to end war and numerous more to prevent war and keep peace, and in which scientific and hi-tech evolution has made war ever more horrifying and less manageable, we still, by policy, confer no contemplation to nonviolent approach of national defense. We stick to the discouraging paradox of making peace by producing war.Capital chastisement sinks us all to the same level of primal aggression, at which an act of brutality is rebuked by another deed of aggression. What the justifiers of thes e feats overlook is the fact—fixed by the history of quarrels; steer clear of the history of war—that belligerence raises violence. Operations of violence committed in â€Å"fairness† or in assertion of â€Å"rights† or in resistance of â€Å"peace† do not impede violence. They set up and justify its prolongation.The most hazardous fallacy of the parties of violence is the notion that endorsed violence can put off or control illegal violence. If we devote to these small irrationalities the enormity of worldwide relations, we make, predictably, a few much larger idiocies. In â€Å"foreign† wars, we do not explicitly experience the harm that we wreak upon the rival. We pay monies to sanction the war, but that is nothing new, for we shell out war levies in era of peace as well.Quite the reverse, war is the great solution and opening of our corporate economy, which keeps going and prospers upon war. And thus great costs are engrossed in our fixa tion on war, but the overheads are â€Å"externalized† as â€Å"tolerable losses.† Romantic separatists, which are to say most protectors for war, always contain in their public speeches mathematics or an accounting of war. The supportable price, at last, is suchlike is paid.It is straightforward to see the likeness between this accounting of the cost of war and our normal accounting of the price of improvement. Now with less fret (to date) it is observed world subjugation by global capitalism. Nevertheless its political means are milder than those of Leninism, this lately internationalized capitalism may attest even more harsh to human mores and communities, of liberty, and of environment. To Berry people would be less incongruous if the leaders would believe in good faith the verified surrogates to violence.

Peripherally Inserted Central Catheters May Lower The Incidene Of

Peripherally Inserted Central Catheters May Lower The Incidene Of Peripherally Inserted Central Catheters May Lower The Incidene Of Atheter Peripherally inserted central catheters may lower the incidence of catheter-Related Blood Stream Infections in Patients in Surgical Intensive Care UnitsName:Institution:Course:Tutor:Date:Keywords: Peripheral Inserted Central Catheters - PICCs, Central Venous Catheters – CVCs, Surgical Intensive Care Units - SICUs, Catheter-related Blood Stream Infections (CR-BSI), Major weakness during the studyIntroductionWeakness is a scientific research inadequacy known to hinder effective attainment of both accurate and reliable data. Two major ways of intravenous access include Central Venous Catheters (CVCs) and Peripheral Inserted Central Catheters (PICCs) (Gunst, Matsushima, Vanek, Gunst, Shafi, Frankel, 2011). Mainly, these apply to those patients who stay for longer periods in Surgical Intensive Care Units (SICUs) (Gunst, Matsushima, Vanek, Gunst, Shafi, Frankel, 2011). Throughout the entire study, the use of PICCs resulted in low rate infection of Catheter-related Blood Stream Infec tions (CR-BSI) among patients compared to the use of antiseptic CVCs (Gunst, Matsushima, Vanek, Gunst, Shafi, Frankel, 2011).The study comprises several weaknesses some of being lack of compatibility in the average time of stay in the SICUs for both the CVCs and the PICCs (Gunst, Matsushima, Vanek, Gunst, Shafi, Frankel, 2011). For instance, lines of infusion for fluids and medication stayed for a longer period in the CVCs than in the PICCs. Hence, turning to be detrimental to the patients because previous studies showed the rate of infection with the CVCs increased if the catheter was in place for a prolonged period. This could have led to the conclusion; the CVCs had a higher rate of infection. Chances of selection bias were also high due to failure of specific criteria for a CVC as well as PICC insertion (Gunst, Matsushima, Vanek, Gunst, Shafi, Frankel, 2011). This is because initially the study did not provide a specific and suitable criterion for catheter insertion. Therefore, the choice of insertion site depended on physician’s choice and limited to either internal jugular or the sub-clavian vein (Gunst, Matsushima, Vanek, Gunst, Shafi, Frankel, 2011). Thirdly, there was invalidity of data obtained for all patients in the intensive care unit. This is because the study featured a very small group of intensive care unit patients whereby its greater 63 % sample were patients with trauma, whereas neurosurgical patients, general surgical patients were 19% and 18% respectively (Gunst, Matsushima, Vanek, Gunst, Shafi, Frankel, 2011).ReferencesGunst, M., Matsushima, K., Vanek, S., Gunst, R., Shafi, S., Frankel, H. (2011). Peripherally inserted central catheters may lower the incidence of catheter-related blood stream infections in patients in surgical intensive care units. Surgical Infections, 12(4). 279-82. DOI: 10.1089/sur.2008.058.

Drug and Substance Abuse

Drug and Substance Abuse Introduction Drug and substance abuse is an issue that affects entirely all societies in the world. It has both social and economic consequences, which affect directly and indirectly our everyday live. Drug addiction is â€Å"a complex disorder characterized by compulsive drug use† (National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2010).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Drug and Substance Abuse specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It sets in as one form a habit of taking a certain drug. Fulls of commonly used stimulants include; cocaine, caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines and cannabis. Cocaine, which has a tremendously high addictive potential, was in the past used as anesthetic and in treatment of depression before its profound effects were later discovered. On the streets, cocaine is either injected intravenously or smoked. Within a few minutes of use, it stimulates the brain making the user feel euphoric, energetic and increases alertness. It has long-term effects such as seizures, heart attacks and stroke. Cocaine’s withdrawal symptoms range from anxiety, irritability to a strong craving for more cocaine. Cannabis, also known as marijuana, is the most often abused drug familiar in almost every corner of the world, from the streets of New York to the most remote village in Africa. Although its addiction potential is lower as compared to that of cocaine, prolonged use of cannabis results to an immense craving for more. It produces hallucinogenic effects, lack of body coordination, and causes a feeling of ecstasy. Long-term use is closely associated with schizophrenia, and other psychological conditions. From a medical perspective, cannabis is used as an analgesic, to stimulate hunger in patients, nausea ameliorator, and intraocular eye pressure reducer. Insomnia, lack of appetite, migraines, restlessness and irritability characterize withdrawal symptoms of cannabis. Depressants Unlike stimulants, dep ressants reduce anxiety and the central nervous system activity. The most common depressants include barbiturates, benzodiazepines and ethyl alcohol. They are of great therapeutically value especially as tranquilizers or sedatives in reducing anxiety. Depressants can be highly addictive since they seem to ease tension and bring relaxation. After using depressants for a long time, the body develops tolerance to the drugs. Moreover, body tolerance after continual use requires one use a higher dose to get the same effect. Clumsiness, confusion and a strong craving for the drug accompany gradual withdrawal. Sudden withdrawal causes respiratory complications and can even be fatal.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Drug and Substance Abuse specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Narcotics Narcotics have been used for ages for various ailments and as a pain reliever pain. They are also characterized by their ability to induce sleep and euphoria. Opium, for instance was used in ancient China as a pain reliever and treatment of dysentery and insomnia. Some narcotics such as morphine and codeine are derived from natural sources. Others are structural analogs to morphine and these include heroin, oxymorphone among others. Narcotics are highly addictive resulting to their strict regulation by a majority of governments. Narcotics act as painkillers once they enter the body. They are used legally in combination with other drugs as analgesics and antitussives but are abused due to their ability to induce a feeling of well being. Their addiction potential is exceptionally high due to the body’s tolerance after consistent use, forcing the user to use and crave for more to get satisfaction. Increase in respiration rate, diarrhea, anxiety, nausea and lack of appetite are symptoms common to narcotic withdrawal. Others include; running nose, stomach cramps, muscle pains and a strong craving for the drugs. Hallucinog ens Hallucinogens affect a person’s thinking capacity causing illusions and behavioral changes especially in moods. They apparently cause someone to hear sounds and see images that do not exist. Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), which commonly abused hallucinogen, has a low addiction potential because it does not have withdrawal effects. They also affect a person’s sexual behavior and other body functions such as body temperature. There are no outright withdrawal symptoms for hallucinogens. References Isralowitz, R. (2004). Drug use: a reference handbook. Santa Barbara, Clif.: ABC-CLIO. Print. National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2010). NIDA INfoFacts: Understanding Drug Abuse and Addiction. Retrieved from https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/understanding-drug-use-addiction Peele, S. (1998). The meaning of Addiction: Compulsive Experience and its Interpretation. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More

Vietnam Facts, History, and Profile

Vietnam Facts, History, and Profile In the western world, the word Vietnam is almost always followed by the word War. However, Vietnam has more than 1,000 years of recorded history, and it is much more interesting than just the events of the mid-20th century. Vietnams people and economy were devastated by the process of decolonization and decades of war, but today, the country is well on its way to recovery. Capital and Major Cities Capital: Hanoi, population 7.5 million Major Cities: Ho Chi Minh City  (formerly Saigon), 8.6 millionHai Phong, 1.6 millionCan Tho, 1.3 millionDa Nang, 1.1 million Government Politically, Vietnam is a one-party Communist state. As in China, however, the economy is increasingly capitalistic. The head of government in Vietnam is the Prime Minister, currently Nguyá »â€¦n Xuà ¢n Phà ºc. The President is the nominal head of state; the incumbent is Nguyá »â€¦n Phà º Trá » ng. Of course, both are top members of the Vietnamese Communist Party. Vietnams unicameral legislature, the National Assembly of Vietnam, has 496 members and is the highest branch of the government. Even the judiciary falls under the National Assembly. The top court is the Supreme Peoples Court; lower courts include provincial municipal courts and local district courts. Population As of 2018, Vietnam has about 94.6 million people, of whom more than 85% are ethnic Kinh or Viet people. However, the remaining 15% include members of more than 50 different ethnic groups. Some of the largest groups are the Tay, 1.9%; Tai, 1.7%; Muong, 1.5%; Khmer Krom, 1.4%; Hoa and Nung, 1.1% each; and Hmong, at 1%. Languages The official language of Vietnam is Vietnamese, which is part of the Mon-Khmer language group. Spoken Vietnamese is tonal. Vietnamese was written in Chinese characters until the 13th century when Vietnam developed its own set of characters, chu nom. In addition to Vietnamese, some citizens speak Chinese, Khmer, French, or the languages of small mountain-dwelling ethnic groups. English is increasingly popular as a second language, as well. Religion Vietnam is non-religious due to its Communist government. However, in this case, Karl Marxs antipathy to religion is overlaid on a rich and varied tradition of different Asian and western faiths, and the government recognizes six religions. As a result, 80% of Vietnamese self-identify as belonging to no religion, yet many of them continue to visit religious temples or churches and to offer prayers to their ancestors. Those Vietnamese who identify with a particular religion report their affiliations as follows: Vietnamese folk religion- 73.2%; Buddhist- 12.2%, Catholic Christian- 6.8%, Cao Dai- 6.8%, Hoa Hao- 1.4%, and less than 1% Muslim or Protestant Christian. Geography and Climate Vietnam has an area of 331,210 sq km (127,881 sq miles), along with the eastern coastal strip of Southeast Asia. The majority of the land is hilly or mountainous and heavily forested, with only about 20% flatlands. Most cities and farms are concentrated around river valleys and deltas. Vietnam borders on China, Laos, and Cambodia. The highest point is Fan Si Pan, at 3,144 meters (10,315 feet) elevation. The lowest point is sea level. Vietnams climate varies with both latitude and elevation, but generally, it is tropical and monsoonal. The weather tends to be humid year-round, with substantial rainfall during the summer rainy season and less during the winter dry season. Temperatures do not vary much throughout the year, generally, with an average around 23 °C (73 °F). The highest temperature ever recorded was 42.8 °C (109  °F), and the lowest was 2.7 °C (37 °F). Economy Vietnams economic growth remains hampered by the governments control of many factories as state-owned enterprises (SOEs). These SOEs produce almost 40% of the countrys GDP. Perhaps inspired by the success of Asias capitalist tiger economies, however, the Vietnamese recently declared a policy of economic liberalization and joined the WTO. In 2016, Vietnams GDP growth was 6.2 percent, driven by export-oriented manufacturing and robust domestic demand. Per capita GDP as of 2013 was $2,073 US, with an unemployment rate of just 2.1% and a poverty rate of 13.5%. A total of 44.3% of the labor force work in agriculture, 22.9% in industry, and 32.8% in the service sector. Vietnam exports clothes, shoes, crude oil, and rice. It imports leather and textiles, machinery, electronics, plastics, and automobiles. The Vietnamese currency is the dong. As of 2019, 1 USD 23216 dong. History of Vietnam Artifacts of human habitation in what is now Vietnam date back more than 22,000 years, but it is likely that humans have lived in the area for much longer. Archaeological evidence shows that bronze casting in the area began around 5,000 BCE, and spread north to China. Around 2,000 BCE, the Dong Son Culture introduced rice cultivation into Vietnam. To the south of the Dong Son were the Sa Huynh people (c. 1000 BCE–200 CE), ancestors of the Cham people. Maritime traders, the Sa Huynh exchanged merchandise with peoples in China, Thailand, the Philippines and Taiwan. In 207 BCE, the first historic kingdom of Nam Viet was established in northern Vietnam and southern China by Trieu Da, a former governor for the Chinese Qin Dynasty. However, the Han Dynasty conquered Nam Viet in 111 BCE, ushering in the First Chinese Domination, which lasted until 39 CE. Between 39 and 43 CE, sisters Trung Trac and Trung Nhi lead a revolt against the Chinese, and briefly ruled independent Vietnam. The Han Chinese defeated and killed them in 43 CE, however, marking the beginning of the Second Chinese Domination, which lasted until 544 CE. Led by Ly Bi, northern Vietnam broke away from the Chinese again in 544, despite the southern Champa kingdoms alliance with China. The First Ly Dynasty ruled northern Vietnam (Annam) until 602 when once again China conquered the region. This Third Chinese Domination lasted through 905 CE when the Khuc family overcame Tang Chinese rule of the Annam area. Several short-lived dynasties followed in quick succession until the Ly Dynasty (1009–1225 CE) took control. The Ly invaded Champa and also moved into Khmer lands in what is now Cambodia. In 1225, the Ly were overthrown by the Tran Dynasty, who ruled until 1400. The Tran famously defeated three Mongol invasions, first by Mongke Khan in 1257–58, and then by Kublai Khan in 1284–85 and 1287–88. The Ming Dynasty of China managed to take Annam in 1407 and controlled it for two decades. Vietnams longest-reigning Dynasty, the Le, next ruled from 1428 to 1788. The Le Dynasty instituted Confucianism and a Chinese-style civil service exam system. It also conquered the former Champa, extending Vietnam to its current borders. Between 1788 and 1802, peasant revolts, small local kingdoms, and chaos prevailed in Vietnam. The Nguyen Dynasty took control in 1802, and ruled until 1945, first in their own right, then as puppets of French imperialism (1887–1945), and also as puppets of the occupying Japanese Imperial forces during World War II. At the end of the Second World War, France demanded the return of its colonies in French Indochina (Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos). The Vietnamese wanted independence, so this touched off the First Indochina War (1946–1954). In 1954, the French withdrew and Vietnam was partitioned with the promise of democratic elections. However, the North under communist leader Ho Chi Minh invaded the US-supported South later in 1954, marking the beginning of the Second Indochina War, also called the Vietnam War (1954–1975). The North Vietnamese eventually won the war in 1975 and reunited Vietnam as a Communist country. Vietnams army overran neighboring Cambodia in 1978, driving the genocidal Khmer Rouge out of power. Since the 1970s, Vietnam has slowly liberalized its economic system and recovered from decades of war. Sources and Further Reading Goscha, Christopher. Vietnam: A New History. New York: Basic Books, 2016.  Pariona, Ameber. The Economy Of Vietnam. WorldAtlas, Apr. 25, 2017.  SarDesai, D.R. Vietnam Past and Present. New York: Routledge, 2018.Sawe, Benjamin Elisha. Largest Ethnic Groups In Vietnam. WorldAtlas, Jul. 18, 2019.Sousa, Gregory. Major Religions in Vietnam. WorldAtlas, Jul. 24, 2018.Summary Statistics of Vietnam 2018.  Ha Noi: General Statistics Office of Viet Nam, 2018  Vietnam- Country Partnership Framework for the Period FY18–FY22 (English). Report No. 111771. Washington DC: World Bank Group, 2017.Vietnam. World Factbook, Center for the Study of Intelligence. Washington DC: Center Intelligence Agency, 2018.

English Composition-Progress and Process Reflection beyond the Assignment

English Composition-Progress and Process Reflection beyond the Classroom-Discussion - Assignment Example Teachers grading and mistakes highlighting have made me improve this area greatly. Also, group work and interchanging our article for peer examination have made me able to rate my work against that of the fellow writers and consequently I have been able to improve. Reading my work aloud has enabled me to identify and correct mistakes that may not be detected when reading quietly hence I have perfected my editing. I have been able to choose my words according to the impression I want to make and consequently my grammar has improved with time as I wrote on various topics. Through continuous writing, I have gained new writing skills such as painting word pictures and use of figurative language. This has made me able to make tangible writing reflections as well as creating strong meaning. These writing skills are very applicable beyond the classroom as they help in writing reports, strategies and plans at work. They are also very important in the grant application, online communication, emailing, and Curriculum vitae writing among others. In all these areas, grammatical errors and other poor writing skills may change the meaning of written information and therefore good writing skills become very important. Class work writing practices have helped me to become a better writer. Interacting with peers, being graded and research work introduced in class has med me better my writing skills.  

U08d2 Court Case Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

U08d2 Court Case Analysis - Essay Example The main intention of the bill was to improve the current, i.e. less than 3% of the Massachusetts residents without health insurance. Hence to help the people overcome and not be uninsured, the state has established that hospitals need to charge the patients on reasonable rates rather than being based on the actual costs (Goodnough, 2009). The case involved a number of claims, like, ‘BMC’s constitutional claims also face high hurdles. The hospital contends that in requiring BMC to treat patients without providing full payment, the state engaged in a â€Å"regulatory taking† — essentially, using the hospital’s property without paying for it’ (NEJM, 2009). This case is absurd in a few manners. The main issue is due to the stem of an older case and conflict between the state and Medicaid cost cutting. Cases of this nature tend to be never ending and with a chance of low solutions for the health care industry. As explained in the case, ‘As long as powerful interests clash over limited health care resources, parties will do what they have always done: go to court’ (NEJM, 2009). The case of Massachusetts allows being a guide to help resolve the several health care reforms and will also allow a future solution for the cases where hospitals are not given their freedom to treat patients and are directed by the State Legislation (NEJM, 2009). Hence the case has a clear amount of impact on the health care industry and this case to some extent although a bit absurd is a benchmark for the several cases where the hospitals are not treated

Forensic Accounting in Practice Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Forensic Accounting in Practice - Research Paper Example Thus, this research paper will provide a brief understanding about the notion of forensic accounting in practice. Question 1 An ordinary accountant cannot always be an effective forensic accountant. In order to become an effective forensic accountant, he/she must possess certain skills and ought to evaluate those skills in profession. The most important five skills that a forensic accountant needs to possess have been described hereunder. Advanced education in appropriate discipline It is regarded as one of the most important skills to be acquired by a forensic accountant. The accountant needs to possess advanced education in appropriate discipline, which will be helpful in conducting his daily activities efficiently. The accountant must have a detailed knowledge about the aspect of auditing, analyzing the risks, identifying any sort of fraudulent activity and finding effective measures to solve those risks as well as fraudulent activities (Nunn et al, 2006). ... Communication skill The oral and written communication skill is required to be possessed by a forensic accountant. This skill is useful in performing various operational functions of a business in an effective manner. The forensic accountants need to communicate with various departments in order to analyze the financial affairs and also for detecting any fraudulent activity. Moreover, a forensic accountant requires communicating with the legal authorities for the justification of the fraud being performed within an organization (Nunn et al., 2006). Core skill Core skill refers to the fundamental characteristics of an accountant. This skill is often viewed to be the combined knowledge of the taxes and the business laws along with better education and experience. Thus, the accountants can utilize their core skills in determining tax systems of the organizations along with working in accordance with business laws and ethics (Davis et al., n.d). Enhanced skill The idea of enhanced skill refers to additional specializations that are acquired by the forensic accountants. The other knowledge which possessed by the accountants such as acting as the evidence of any fraudulent activity in the court room assists the organizations in running their business smoothly (Davis et al., n.d). Question 2 It has already been observed that the major responsibilities of forensic accountants are to analyze the financial affairs along with the detection of the fraudulent activities within an organization. However, the role of the accountants does not end at this point. They needs to act as an evidence of the fraud in the court room (Krstic, 2009). The forensic

PDF summary 500 words Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

PDF summary 500 words - Essay Example ew tips from his online friends and great determination, Smith was able to pin point the location of the fraudster and informed the authorities who went ahead to make the arrest (Smith, 2002). The story of Shiva Brent Sharma shows how he learned the skills of identity stealing from websites. With the help of online identity thieves and websites set up to help would be fraudsters learn tricks on fraud, he was able to gain enough skills which helped him to wire transfer money from other people’s accounts to his after stealing their identities. He also used other people’s credit cards to purchase items. His victims seem to be people who were new to computer use or maybe who were not cautious enough when responding to prompts made to them through their e-mails. Sharma said the money was coming too fast and he found it hard to resist engaging in identity stealing (Zeller, 2006). This story illustrates the challenges that authorities encounter when hunting down hackers. It is clear that hackers are becoming more skilled and elusive to hunt down. ShadowCrew website is significantly focused on in explaining the technicalities of hunting hackers. It is noted that cyber gangs are becoming international groups and consequently tracking them is becoming harder. Some of them have their servers in countries that are not cooperative in the fight against cyber crimes. The fight against cyber gangs will only succeed if all the stakeholders cooperate. The input by private security firms which develop anti-viruses is noted to be important as well as cooperation of security agent in different nations (Grow, 2004). This article focuses on manipulation of eBay system to make some account holders appear highly credible and therefore trustworthy. It is noted that the user evaluation system of eBay is vulnerable to manipulation and unfortunately it is this system that is used by buyers and seller to evaluate the credibility of other buyers and sellers. This article argues that eBay

Inclusion in schools with students with autism Dissertation

Inclusion in schools with students with autism - Dissertation Example According to the Autism Society nearly 1% of the US population that consists of children between the age group of 3 and 17 years has an autism spectrum disorder. Occurrence of autism is estimated to be 1 in 110 births in the US. Approximately the ratio of autism in the US is 1:1.5 million of American suffering from this disorder. The growth rate of this disability is around 1148% and known as the fastest-growing developmental disability. This develops at an annual rate of 10 to 17%. The government of the United States of America spends nearly US$ 60 billion per year for autism. In an average of ten years span of time the expenditure is estimated to be around US$ 200 to US$ 400 billion with the aid of new technology. It has been estimated that 1% of the UK adult population has an autism spectrum disorder. The Autism Society has estimated that the cost of autism is US$ 3.2 million Dollar per person over the life span of an individual (Autism Society, 2011). The effect of autism on lear ning and functioning in the society has the capability to range from mild to severe. It also has the ability to cause anxiety, frustration and confusion that are expressed in a multiple behavioral way. This kind of reaction can result to recurring behaviors, social withdraw and in certain intense situations be more aggressive and can injure himself/herself (Janzen, 1996). Kanner had provided views about the autism as a childhood disorder and found out certain things that are consequence of autism and are listed below: â€Å"Extreme detachment from human relationships Failure to use language for the purpose of communication Anxiously obsessive desire for the maintenance of sameness, resulting in a marked limitation in the variety of spontaneous activity Fascination for objects, handled with skill in fine motor movements Good cognitive potentialities" (Marwick & Et. Al., 2005). Autism is prevalent in boys four times more than girls and knows no social or ethnic and race barrier. The effect of Autism can be seen in the areas of communication skills and social interaction as the development of the students suffering from autism is low in these respect. The children and adults, who suffer from an autism spectrum disorder, face difficulties in social interaction and verbal and non-verbal communication. This type of disorder creates difficulties for them to interact with the outside world (University of Hawaii, 2008). The Autism Society of America (ASA) was established in the year 1965 by a small number of groups of parents of the autism suffering children. Till date the ASA has been leading in providing information about the autism and is known as the largest collective voice that represents autism community for more than 33 years. Through the voluntary network in recent times there are over 24000 members associated with the ASA in more than 50 states. The rationale of the Autism Society of America is to encourage lifelong entrance and prospects for persons within the range of autism and their family members. This society offers advice, generates public awareness, educates the society and provides researches that are related to autism. The ASA is devoted towards generating the awareness and the problems that are faced in day-today activities by an individual with autism (University of Hawaii, 2008). For diagnosing autism there are no medical tests. There are many different ways in interoperating the autism suffering individuals. Many of the behaviors that are associated with t

Rabbit-Proof Fence and the Edge of Heaven - Movies Which Depict the Mi Essay

Rabbit-Proof Fence and the Edge of Heaven - Movies Which Depict the Minority Groups in Society - Essay Example In response to the growing fears, special and unique detention centres were built across Australia to keep the mixed-race children from the entire Australian community, which was the dominant culture. In addition, orders were issued to eradicate forcibly half-caste children from their paternal and maternal families. The movies especially the Edge of Heaven shows how prejudice and discrimination take centre stage in the Australian society. It is evident that being prejudiced simply implies holding preconceived attitudes and beliefs about certain cultural practices or group of people in society. The movie shows how people from dominant culture engage in discriminatory practices in order to guard opportunities for themselves by hindering access to those whom they tend to believe do not need or deserve the same treatment as others. As seen in the Rabbit-proof fence, it is evident that during this time, racism in Australian society looked like cancer in that it had no cure and it would have continued were it not for the effort of the three women to fight for justice. However, separation and exclusion are seen all around Australian aborigine children. It is clear that suspicion, fear, and ignorance parting away communities. At the same time, public figures, the media, and heads of states, who are the people supposed to fight and defend pluralist and inclusive societies, initiate attacks on multiculturalism. While this negative outlook may be so widely accepted challenging it seems to be a hard but important task. In the Edge of heaven movie, Ali Aksu thought he had found relief and happiness when he met Yeter a prostitute. He provided her with monthly payments to cease working as a city prostitute and marry him. Considering the fact that she (Yeter) was not from a dominant culture or group, she received threats from Muslims about either accepting the offer or facing the consequences. She decided to take the offer.  Ã‚  

Inclusion in schools with students with autism Dissertation

Inclusion in schools with students with autism - Dissertation Example According to the Autism Society nearly 1% of the US population that consists of children between the age group of 3 and 17 years has an autism spectrum disorder. Occurrence of autism is estimated to be 1 in 110 births in the US. Approximately the ratio of autism in the US is 1:1.5 million of American suffering from this disorder. The growth rate of this disability is around 1148% and known as the fastest-growing developmental disability. This develops at an annual rate of 10 to 17%. The government of the United States of America spends nearly US$ 60 billion per year for autism. In an average of ten years span of time the expenditure is estimated to be around US$ 200 to US$ 400 billion with the aid of new technology. It has been estimated that 1% of the UK adult population has an autism spectrum disorder. The Autism Society has estimated that the cost of autism is US$ 3.2 million Dollar per person over the life span of an individual (Autism Society, 2011). The effect of autism on lear ning and functioning in the society has the capability to range from mild to severe. It also has the ability to cause anxiety, frustration and confusion that are expressed in a multiple behavioral way. This kind of reaction can result to recurring behaviors, social withdraw and in certain intense situations be more aggressive and can injure himself/herself (Janzen, 1996). Kanner had provided views about the autism as a childhood disorder and found out certain things that are consequence of autism and are listed below: â€Å"Extreme detachment from human relationships Failure to use language for the purpose of communication Anxiously obsessive desire for the maintenance of sameness, resulting in a marked limitation in the variety of spontaneous activity Fascination for objects, handled with skill in fine motor movements Good cognitive potentialities" (Marwick & Et. Al., 2005). Autism is prevalent in boys four times more than girls and knows no social or ethnic and race barrier. The effect of Autism can be seen in the areas of communication skills and social interaction as the development of the students suffering from autism is low in these respect. The children and adults, who suffer from an autism spectrum disorder, face difficulties in social interaction and verbal and non-verbal communication. This type of disorder creates difficulties for them to interact with the outside world (University of Hawaii, 2008). The Autism Society of America (ASA) was established in the year 1965 by a small number of groups of parents of the autism suffering children. Till date the ASA has been leading in providing information about the autism and is known as the largest collective voice that represents autism community for more than 33 years. Through the voluntary network in recent times there are over 24000 members associated with the ASA in more than 50 states. The rationale of the Autism Society of America is to encourage lifelong entrance and prospects for persons within the range of autism and their family members. This society offers advice, generates public awareness, educates the society and provides researches that are related to autism. The ASA is devoted towards generating the awareness and the problems that are faced in day-today activities by an individual with autism (University of Hawaii, 2008). For diagnosing autism there are no medical tests. There are many different ways in interoperating the autism suffering individuals. Many of the behaviors that are associated with t

Human Resource Management - Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Human Resource Management - Case Study - Essay Example Complicating the problem is the problems faced in the continuing task of recruiting and hiring qualified and experienced workers out of a pool of individuals that are almost nomadic in their habit of moving around. The first step to effective recruiting is to fully understand the type of employees the store needs and what skills and knowledge the employees need to succeed. Skills are those abilities needed to perform the job while knowledge is what the employee needs to know to perform the job. The second step is to identify potential employees who have the necessary skills and knowledge. Here the store needs to draw people in from outside its traditional pools like former employees, volunteers, homemakers, students, family members of present employees, older workers, people with mental or physical disabilities, ethnic minorities, people new to the community, people looking for part-time work ,people currently on welfare or assistance. The next step is to how to reach the people in these groups and let them know about opportunities at the store. Traditional methods such as job postings or classified advertising should not be ignored but the store should be prepared to expand beyond this especially when the store is trying to reach groups of people who have not been reached through traditional recruiting techniques. Here are some creative ways to notify people about employment opportunities: Meet representatives from minority agencies within the community, post notices at youth centers, advertise on bulletin boards, at the supermarket, library, health club, child care center, family restaurants, etc. ,place fliers on car windshields in parking lots, distribute leaflets at immigrant settlement centers, have an older worker to speak at a senior

The Reductive Carbonylation of Organic Nitro Compounds

The Reductive Carbonylation of Organic Nitro Compounds Introduction: The development of environmentally more benign and efficient synthetic methods has stimulated the evolution of new strategies and technologies for the synthesis of useful products in a safe, compact, and energy efficient manner. In this respect our preliminary focus to investigate typically efficient and complementary methodology with palladium-catalyzed reductive carbonylation of nitro arenes employing CO gas. CO represents the most important C1 building block molecule to introduce a carbonyl group into parent molecules. In the last fifty years, the reductive carbonylation of organic nitro compounds has been the subject of intense research due to the fact that industrially important chemicals can be obtained in a single step. Among these, the most relevant are isocyanates, ureas and carbamates but also a number of heterocycles and other non-cyclic compounds. Isocyanates are commodity chemicals mostly employed in polyurethane synthesis but also intermediates in the production of carbamates and ureas. Polyurethanes are widely applied in almost every part of modern life in the form of plastic foams, coatings, adhesives, sealants and elastomers and binders. The most widely employed aromatic isocyanates are especially toluenediisocyanate (TDI) and 4,4-methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) that account for more than seven million metric tons per year. Synthesis of Isocyanetes: Currently, industrial synthesis of isocyanates is carried out with two step reaction process using nitroarenes with very high yield and selectivity. Nitroarenes is usually reduced to corresponding aniline using heterogeneous transition metal catalyst, and subsequently the amine is reacted with phosgene to give corresponding isocyanate along with hydrochloric acid. Phosgene based synthetic route seemed to be effective and well established technology employed. Major drawbacks of the phosgene based synthesis: There are essentially four major drawbacks with the synthesis of MDI and TDI via phosgene route. The first and most prominent observation are its extreme toxicity and flammability of phosgene and isocyanates, which make these chemicals extremely difficult to handle in bulk synthesis. Phosgene was used as a chemical weapon during the World War I, and around million people were injured and got killed by the use of poisonous gases. The second major drawback is the production of corrosive hydrochloric acid, rendering the medium very aggressive with time, thus allowing other side reaction to occur and to result in reactor degradation. The third limiting factor is the dilution of reaction medium as the high dilution is required to avoid recycling and concentration costs. The final drawback is the isolation of pure isocyanate from reaction mixture. The chloride containing side products are difficult-to-remove from the final product leading to detrimental to the further processing of the isocyanate. Considering above drawbacks, any process design incorporating phosgene will get extra costs to ensure a safe environment. Industrial requirements for an alternative isocyanate synthesis: In order to replace the phosgene route, a number of requirements can be made in the ideal scenario. First of all, readily accessible chemicals should be used and second, they should be as harmless as possible. Finally, a one-step synthetic procedure will be the route par excellence. A high overall yield, purity and selectivity, a temperature close to about 25 oC and the absence of over and/or under pressures in the plant should be preserved ideally. In principle, most of the requirements could be met by an efficient catalytic system.The additional requirements such as Turn Over Frequency (TOF) in the order of 104 h-1 or higher, Turn Over Number (TON) in the order of 106 or above and easy recycling of catalyst would be maintained. On this account, the necessity of environmentally acceptable but still economically competitive phosgene-free route to isocyanates synthesis is most demanding in near future. Alternative routes to TDI and MDI: Various synthetic pathways to isocyanates: Reductive carbonylation with Palladium metal catalyzed system has proved to be an effective transition metal catalytic system due to its ability to be oxidized or reduced easily during the reaction and high tendency to form complexes with carbamoyl groups.A palladium strongly prefers the oxidation states 0 and +2, which are separated by a relatively narrow energy gap, making palladium an excellent catalyst for both oxidation and reduction reactions. Secondly, the moderately large van der Waals radius of palladium together with the high number of delectrons (favorable d10 and d8 complexes) means that the organometal is classified as rather â€Å"soft†, with a high tendency for concerted reaction as well as a high affinity to â€Å"soft† and -donors, leading to useful chemoselectivity. Finally, Pd is relatively electronegative, resulting in a rather nonpolar Pd-C bond, suppressing the reactivity towards polar functional groups. In our previous report, nitrobenzene was typically used as a model substrate, and the use of palladium proved to result in the most effective catalytic systems. The carbonylation of nitrobenzene is generally performed in methanol using homogeneous palladium complexes supported by variable bidentate N- or P- donor ligands. Methyl phenyl carbamate (MPC) was synthesized including other side products. Isocyanates and catalysis: Within the vast variety of synthetic strategy for isocyanates, one of the approaches is to catalytically convert a nitro or amine compound to the corresponding isocyanate (see Figure 4). One of the approach using oxidative carbonylation and carboalkoxylation of aniline has been studied with various catalytic systems. However, aniline have to be synthesized by hydrogenation of nitrobenzene, thus considering industrial application, the most attractive strategy would be direct synthesis of isocyanates from nitro compounds which is also thermodynamically favorable. Reactivity of isocyanates and carbamates: Phosphorus and Nitrogen as donor atoms: Both phosphorus and nitrogen ligands of the YR3 (Y = P, N) type (called phosphines and amines respectively) can be described as sp3 hybrids in a (close to) tetrahedral geometry, having a lone pair on the central atom, capable of donating its electron density to an empty (transition) metal d-orbital. Amines are more electronegative than their phosphine analogues, so it could bind strongly with metal centre. However, unlike amines, phosphines can act as a Ï€ acid with their ÏÆ'* orbitals, so they can be involved in Ï€ backbonding (providing the metal has available d-electrons), rendering the overall bond strength larger than would be expected intuitively (see Figure 6). So, the overall bond strength is determined by an interplay of ÏÆ' donation and Ï€ backbonding, the first having an increasing contribution when electropositive/donating substituents are employed, the latter when electronegative/withdrawing substituents are used. In 1990, E. Drent et. al. reported the palladium catalyze reductive carbonylation of nitroarene introducing â€Å"soft-base† ligands like diphosphines in combination with strongly coordinating anions, or â€Å"hard-base† electron-donating ligands such as phenanthroline, combined with non- or weakly-coordinating anions, resulted in relatively active and selective catalytic systems (maximal TOF’s (h-1)/ carbamate selectivities (%) = 150/80 and 1600/98 for diphosphines and phenanthroline respectively). General remarks on P and N based systems: In general, the statement made by Drent already in 1990 that: ‘Pd with chelating â€Å"hard base† electron donating ligands such as phenanthroline, combined with   non or weakly coordinating anions, can result in relatively active and selective catalytic systems.’ Has been generally accepted and indeed thoroughly studied in the past decades by several people. On the other hand, the statement that: ‘Pd with chelating â€Å"soft-base†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ ligands like diphosphines in combination with strongly   coordinating anions , can result in respectively active and selective catalytic systems.’ Has not yet been the subject of intense academic studies, most likely due to the poor results that were obtained initially, when compared to the N-donor systems. However, in principle, there is no reason why N-donor systems should be superior to P-donor systems, except that phosphine ligands are known to be easily oxidized, thus troubling both the preparation and use of such systems. On the basis of recent observations on chelating N-donor systems like 1,10-phenanthroline with electron donating substituents (R) in combination with Pd(II) and a weakly or non-coordinating anions (Y), comprises the most active systems to date (i.e. [Pd(Rxphen)2][Y]2). Since, 1, 10- phenanthroline (unfettered of substituents ) is relatively cheap and readily available, this ligand ligand is most frequently used. Furthermore, the performed catalyst is more active and selective than its in situ formed analogues and in almost all cases a slight excess of free ligand is added. The addition of a BrOnsted acid (with bulky, non-coordinating anion) as a co catalyst , as well as the addition of a substrate related aniline is known to improve both reactivity and selectivity. The experiment is carried out in inert atmosphere and addition of reactive drying agent is also known to be beneficial. The temperatures are mostly around 120 – 170 oC, and both the concentration of all components a nd the reaction times are differed considerably. Methanol is used as a typical solvent , which is partially consumed to yield the carbamate, but occasionally toluene/methanol or other alcohols are used. Finally, the influence of varying CO pressure results in different reactivity. Most reactions were performed at pCO = 40 – 80 bar, the best results were obtained at pCO = 100 bar, and the elevated pressures are believed to enhance the reactivity even further. The Mechanism The palladium catalyzed reductive carbonylation of nitrobenzene in methanol has been investigated in great extent. All catalytic reactions were performed using both catalyst precursor and pre-formed complex resulted carbamate as well as side products. There are frequently reported (side-) products of this reaction are shown in Figure. : azobenzene(Azo), azoxybenzene (Azoxy), aniline and N.N’-diphenylurea (DPU). Azo and Azoxy are resulted as coupling product of nitrobenzene. Aniline and DPU are hydrogenation products which are indicating the presence of moisture in the reaction mixture as well as methanol could be source of H-atom for hydrogenation reaction. DPU is the carbamate analogue of isocyanate reacting with aniline which is the better nucleophile than methanol. The mechanism of reductive carbonylation of nitro compounds into carbamates has been extensively studied with palladium, (substituted) phenanthroline ligands, MeOH as solvent and an acid cocatalyst. The mechanism proposed by Mooibroek et al. seems to be the most complete as it also explains the formation of all side products Scheme: . The palladium-imido species L2Pd=NPh (C3) and the palladacycle L2PdC(O)N(Ph)OC(O) (C2) were considered as possible carbonylation product-releasing species for both (substituted) phenanthroline and diphosphine ligated catalytic system. The result of catalytic experiments , supported by spectroscopic (ESI-MS and NMR) compound C2 is not the major product- releasing intermediate in reactions performed in the absence of acid. In the absence of acid, Pd-imido complex C3 is the proposed reaction intermediate releasing PhN-containing (Azoxy, MPC, PhNH2) products. On the other hand, in the presence of acid the palladacycle complex C2 becomes the major product-releasing intermediate, resulting the nitrobenzene carbonylation product MPC with high selectivity. Different side products: In all catalytic reactions performed using both catalyst precursor and pre-formed complex resulted carbamate as well as side products. The side product are Conclusion and future prospects: In conclusion, the incentive research output from the last decade facilitated us to understand the catalytic reductive carbonylation reaction of nitroarenes to produce relevant carbamates. The reactivity of PdII compounds supported by 1, 10-phenanthroline (phen) or the bidentate diaryl phosphane has been studied in the reaction of nitrobenzene with CO in methanol. The nitrobenzene reduction chemistry in the Pd/phen/CH3OH/H+ system resulted higher in selectivity but lower in activity wherein Pd/diphospane/CH3OH/H+ system shows higher in activity but lower in selectivity. Based on our continuing interest in reductive carbonylations of nitro-aromatic compounds and considering the importance towards sustainable synthesis of isocyanates, herein our further approach to develop a ultimate catalytic composition of reactants which can produce highly selective product with high yield having tiny or no side-products. However, despite rationalized molecular mechanism developed by Tiddo et. al. f or above catalytic system is still not efficient enough, nor is it exactly clear how the catalyst works. In recent years, Great progress has been made in extending the scope of palladium-catalyzed synthetic organic reactions introducing in-situ reductive carbonylation reaction with CO generated from the solvent molecules. Manirul et. al. have reported polymer anchored ruthenium based catalyst for reductive carbonylation. Raquel et. al. have investigated that gold nanoparticles are efficient in N-carbamoylation of aromatic amines. In this respect, further elucidation of the overall mechanism and research in new directions is urgent requirement to produce effective palladium based reductive carbonylation of nitro-aromatic compounds considering industrial background. Thus, the current research project will address several issues which are envisaged to be worthwhile to explore. Firstly, the modification of ligand system, secondly the designing of catalyst system, thirdly the mechanism, and finally the use of other additives in the catalyst system to be fine-tuned. Modification of ligand system: The active species in the catalytic cycle as Pd(0) are seem to be as stable as possible to prevent inactive metallic Pd(black) formation. Our previous research work were illustrated the sharp observation of the bidentate P or N ligand based Pd-catalyzed system to achieve maximum activity and selectivity. Our further observations are envisaged based on tripodal P and N system to stabilize Pd(0) species as well as Pd(II) species during catalytic transformations. The concept of monolegated active species stabilizing Pd(0) by steric bulk ligand is rationalized to enhance the reactivity. On the basis of the palladium catalyzed coupling reaction of aryl halides system employed with electron rich N-heterocycle carbene ligand which exhibits flexible steric bulk environment, Several factors will be assumed to be execute in these system: 1) electron-rich nature enhances the rate of oxidative addition, 2) the ligands coordinate tightly to the Pd to prevent the formation of Pd black, and 3) thei r steric bulk favors a 12 electron, monocarbene–Pd [L-Pd] species and increases the rate of reductive elimination. Variation in carbamate synthesis: The formation of carbamates in the catalytic system utilizing PdII, phenantroline, acid and various nucleophile has been studied extensively to find an alternative for MeOH as nucleophile. The objective is to yield a carbamate or urea which can be pyrolised at lower temperatures to save energy and prevent degradation of the formed isocyanate. The changing the nucleophile is not straightforward, as the use of another nucleophile as a solvent may be too expensive or not possible (if the nucleophile is a solid), hence use of a solvent may be necessary. Therefore, non –nucleophilic solvents have to be tested in combination with potential nucleophiles in the catalytic synthesis of carbamates and ureas. Despite the use of common known compound used as a nucleophile, still there are broad spectrum of nucleophiles to be tested with various combinations. Isolation of Palladium-imido complex:

How Alcohol Prohibition Was Ended :: essays research papers

You saved the very foundation of our Government. No man can tell where we would have gone, or to what we would have fallen, had not this repeal been brought about. -Letter to the VCL, 1933 This is a story about a small, remarkable group of lawyers who took it upon themselves, as a self- appointed committee, to propel a revolution in a drug policy: the repeal of the 18th Amendment. In 1927, nine prominent New York lawyers associated themselves under the intentionally-bland name, "Voluntary Committee of Lawyers," declaring as their purpose " to preserve the spirit of the Constitution of the United States [by] bring[ing] about the repeal of the so-called Volstead Act and the Eighteenth Ammendment." With the modest platform they thus commanded, reinforced by their significant stature in the legal community, they undertook first to draft and promote repeal resolutions for local and state bar asssociations. Their success culminated with the American Bar Association calling for repeal in 1928, after scores of city and state bar associations in all regions of the country had spoken unambiguously, in words and ideas cultivated, shaped, and sharpened by the VCL. As it turned out, this successwas but prelude to their stunnung achievement several years later. Due in large to the VCL"s extraordinary work, the 18tg Amendment was, in less than a year, surgically struck from the Constitution. Repeal was a reality. The patient was well. People could drink. Here is how it happened. Climaxing decades of gathering hostility towards salloons and moral outrage over the general degeneracy said to be flowing from bottles and kegs, the Cocstitution of the United States had been amended, effective 1920, to progibit the manufacture and sale of "intoxicating liquors." the Volstead Act, the federal statute implementing the prohibitionamindmint, progibited commerce in beer as well. At first prohibition was popular among those who had suppored it, and tolerated by the others. But before long, unmistakable grumbling was heard in the cities. To meet the uninterrupted demand for alcohol, there sprang up bathtub ginworks and basement stills, tight and discrete illegal supply networks, and speakeasies: secret, illegal bars remembered chiefly today as where, for the first time, women were seen smoking in public. Commerse in alcohol plunged underground, and soon fell under the control of thugs and gangsters, whose organizations often acquired their merchandise legally in Canada. Violence aften settled commercial differences- necessarily, it might be said, as suppliers and distributors were denied the services of lawyers, insurance companies, and the civil courts. On the local level, widesspread disobedience of the progibition laws by otherwise law-abiding citizens produced numerous arrests. Courts were badly clogged, in large part because nearly all defendents demanded jury trials, confident that a jury of

Decorative Glasses Essay -- Art

Abstract. Glasses have been used as decorative objects in Thailand for several hundred years. Decorative glasses can generally be seen as architectural components in old styled palaces and Buddhist objects. There were various colors ranging from transparent to amber, blue, green and red with different shades among glass of different colors. Fragments of archaeological glass samples were characterized for the first time using Raman microscopy with the aim of obtaining information that would lead to identification of the glass samples by means of laser scattering. The samples were also investigated using other techniques, such as particle induced X-ray emission spectroscopy and scanning electron microscope operated with energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometer. They were mostly lead-silica based glasses. The colors resulted from metal ions. The difference in chemical composition was confirmed by Raman signature spectra. Introduction Human have used glassed decorating for centuries. History of glasses as creative arts was determined partly by technical advances in glass manufacturing and decoration, and partly by human taste and fashion. Glasses, one of the oldest artificial materials known to man, those of all types differ widely according to their chemical compositions and physical properties [1]. Glass consists of a three-dimensional Si-O network that covalent bonded Si4+ atoms connect with non-covalent bonded ones (stretching or bending) and every oxygen ion connect with two tetrahedral (bridging). Modification of the glass structure is affected by decreasing the number of Si-O bridges and the connectivity of the network [2]. There are many kinds of archaeological glass found in Thailand, such as decorative glass,... ... of an archaeological glass where found in Thailand, is mostly lead-silica based glasses. Their colors resulted from metal ions. It can be suggested that the considerable content of the fluxing lead, as well as the presence of iron and copper, can be mostly observed in the samples. The presence of gold and tin was observed only in the red colored glass. Dark blue colored glass affected mainly from cobalt that influenced by copper. Dark green ones were colored principally from copper which influenced by iron. The difference in chemical compositions of the glass samples was confirmed by Raman signature spectra. Non-destructive techniques based on Raman spectroscopy and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy proved to be very useful. They offer opportunities for novel applications and prospects for new directions in archaeological science research in Thailand.

Change Management Final Exam Essay

TCO A: The organization is planning to make a substantial change to the compensation and benefits program for the next fiscal year. This change will impact all branches of the organization throughout the U.S. Eight thousand employees will be required to move from the very popular existing total rewards program to the new system. A compensation study determined that most employees will need updated position titles and salary bands. A. Compile the change management imperatives that will go into making this a successful change project. B. Construct a set of strategies that managers can use to help employees cope with complex change. C. Persuade the managers involved in this change that the imperatives that you identified and the strategies to help employees cope with change will help them manage the complex realities of this change project. (Points: 30) TCO B: You are the Director of Change Management, and it is expected that you can read the corporate change â€Å"tea leafs† and have a model for change and an approach to plan change when the need arises. A. Construct a model of change that reflects the reality of change in modern organizations and reflects your beliefs about change. B. Think of an organizational change that you believe should be implemented in an organization where you work now, or one you worked for in the past. Create a plan to implement change by integrating your change model. C. Plan a system to measure how your model will impact the organization. TCO C: Put this scenario into the context of an organization where you work now or did in the past. Your organization has recently (past two months) hired a new VP of Marketing and she is trying to understand the various types of changes that might impact the organization in the future. This is important to know, as it is hard to develop a strategic vision for the Marketing Department without first considering how things might look in the future. A. Evaluate the various types of change pressure that might impact the organization in terms of: (a) staffing levels, and (b) corporate branding. B. You are further asked to compile a list that compares each potential force for change to the stability of the organization. C.  Speculate as to why some of these potential pressures on organizations to change do not impact all organizations in the same way. (Points: 30) TCO D: As the change expert for the State Department of Natural Resources in a large state with thousands of acres of forests, lakes, and wildlife, you learn that the legislature voted to privatize the entire department in order to save money and help reduce state and local taxes. It is entirely possible that some current government agency employees could be hired to work as â€Å"civilian† employees of the private company. A. Appraise the cultural impact of this change on the employees who will move from government to private sector employment. B. Speculate on the changes that will come to the strategic behaviors of the new privatized organization compared to the government organization. . Propose a plan that will help bring alignment between former government employees and the new strategy that they will have to work within. (Points: 30) TCO E: The organization is going through sweeping changes that will lead to layoffs and a situation where several â€Å"managers† will now be reporting to their former â€Å"direct reports.† A. Compose a likely set of reasons why people will resist this change. B. Appraise the most effective and least effective strategies for overcoming the resistance to the change identified in the scenario. C. Devise a plan to implement the most effective approaches to reducing change resistance. (Points: 30) TCO F: There are many approaches to diagnosing change in an organization. In the end, the change agent must use the best practices of various models of diagnosis and apply them to the organization. A. Appraise two approaches to diagnosing organizational change, pointing out what works and what does not work in effective organizational diagnosis. B. Construct your own version of an effective diagnostic model using the best elements of other models. Be specific about the components of the model you create. C. Create a strategy that will measure the effectiveness of your diagnostic  model. (Points: 30) TCO G: It’s no secret that having a vision for change and being able to communicate the change project are critical to success. However, that all requires a communication plan. Assume that you are working on a change project and need to design a solid communication plan. A. Help yourself by generating a checklist of key attributes of a good change communication plan. B. Then, compose an example change communication using an appropriate scenario. C. Finally, formulate a methodology to measure the success of your communication plan. (Points: 30)

Coca Cola Company Case Study

Date: 22/10/2012 The Coca-Cola Company is a multinational business organisation founded in the late 1890’s in Georgia, USA. Its main focus is selling soft drinks and is especially famous for its first soft drink, after which is named, Coca-Cola. The first product was patented in 1887 and registered as a trademark in 1893. By 1895 it was sold in the whole USA and since then has been expanding around the world (The Coca-Cola Company, Product Descriptions). Throughout its history it has been subject to a lot of criticism for its various practices and has enjoyed incredible success.The organisations main strength it’s the fact that it is the most recognised product worldwide. Part of that recognition can be attributed to the fact that The Coca-Cola Company localizes its products and advertising campaigns, which has been highly successful. Coca-Cola has been credited with forming the modern image of Father Christmas as a jolly, old bearded man, dressed in red. (Coca-Cola at home) The main goal of all the campaigns has been that people choose the soft drink as their favoured beverage, a mission that has been greatly accomplished in many areas.Another advantage of the company is that it also has different headquarters in each country, giving it the ability to dictate all campaigns and give ideas on products. (The Times, Creating an effective organisational structure, Page 2:Â  A global and local strategy). Also the company is always trying to expand its range of products, focusing on beverages, but not only soft drinks as it sells juice, water, energy drinks and squashes as well. (The Times, Creating an effective organisational structure, Page 4:Â  The corporate segment -Head Office).Coca-Cola is normally associated with the United States of America, mainly because of its patriotic advertisements that were then exported to other countries. It has a dominant role in modern popular culture, with mass media references and even films containing the company ’s name in the title. Coca-Cola has such an effect on culture, that it is sometimes considered a sign that someone is richer or higher class if they drink more Coca-Cola than others.The company has proven very popular, despite the facts that most of the company’s products are unhealthy. Coca-Cola’s main ingredient is sugar. As a lot of the marketing is aimed at young people, the fact that products are unhealthy has sparked a bit of controversy, seeing as there is a lot of aggressive marketing towards young people. This is usually in the form of sponsorships to high school in the form of sports facilities or funds. In return the company is allowed to sell its products in the schools, thus attracting people from an early age.Also there are accusations of children working for the company in sweat shops and not giving adequate healthcare, whilst not complying to workers right and destroying trade unions through rough ways (The Globalization of Coca-Cola) One of Coca -colas main external features that keep it favoured is that it maintains a very good relationship with its bottlers. In contradiction to common knowledge, it is not the company that actually bottles and distributes its products. Instead they only make the basic syrup and ingredients in concentrate and then sell them to bottlers and from there they end up with distributors..This is a example of how the business adhere to its ‘culture’ as it tries to promote teamwork, by allying itself with other companies. (The Times, Creating an effective organisational structure, Page 5:Â  Structure and culture). This is helpful in many ways as it creates good connections with many businesses, making the Coca-Cola products much more sought after and popular with vendors, shops, supermarkets. There are some external problems though. After endorsing Israel, the company lost its popularity in the Middle East and was heavily boycotted. This gave competitors a chance to swoop in and they a re now dominating those markets.Also, another problem with the company is that its products, however big role they play in popular culture, aren't considered essential. So if a country’s economy is weak, it is inevitable that the beverages market is going to fall quite steeply. Another factor is that there are many cheap substitutes for their products, which, while not international, can prove to be strong competition in local markets, as many of them promote the fact that they are local, while Coca-Cola retains its American image and the majority of them are cheaper. REFERENCES * Coca-Cola at home, http://xroads. virginia. du/~CLASS/coke/coke1. html, retrieved on 21/10/2012 at 19:00 * The Coca-Cola Company, Product Descriptions, http://www. virtualvender. coca-cola. com/ft/index. jsp, retrieved on 21/10/2012 at 18:10 * The Globalization of Coca-Cola, https://segue. atlas. uiuc. edu/index. php? action=site;site=estensl2;section=4052;page=13292, retrieved on 21/10/2012 at 19:0 5 * The Times, Creating an effective organisational structure, Page 2:Â  A global and local strategy, http://businesscasestudies. co. uk/coca-cola-great-britain/creating-an-effective-organisational-structure/a-global-and-local-strategy. tml, retrieved on 21/10/2012 at 19:10 * The Times, Creating an effective organisational structure, Page 4:Â  The corporate segment -Head Office, http://businesscasestudies. co. uk/coca-cola-great-britain/creating-an-effective-organisational-structure/the-corporate-segment-head-office. html, retrieved on 21/10/2012 at 19:13 * The Times, Creating an effective organisational structure, Page 5:Â  Structure and culture, http://businesscasestudies. co. uk/coca-cola-great-britain/creating-an-effective-organisational-structure/structure-and-culture. html, retrieved on 21/10/2012 at 19:15